# 12-node element Face 1 (SPOS) 7 – 12 – 9 – 11 – 8 – 10 face Face 2 (SNEG) 1 – 4 – 2 – 5 – 3 – 6 face # 18-node element Face 1 (SPOS) 9 – 16 – 12 – 15 – 11 – 14 – 10 – 13 face Face 2 (SNEG) 1 – 5 – 2 – 6 – 3 – 7 – 4 – 8 face # Numbering of integration points for output # Link elements 

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1 2

2 - node element # Line elements 

flowchart

```mermaid graph TD 1 --> 2 1 --> 3 2 --> 3 2 --> 4 3 --> 4 ```

4 - node element 

flowchart

```mermaid graph TD 1 --> 2 2 --> 3 3 --> 4 4 --> 5 5 --> 6 6 --> 1 1 -->|×| 2 2 -->|×| 3 3 -->|×| 4 4 -->|×| 5 5 -->|×| 6 ```

6 - node element # Area elements 

flowchart

```mermaid graph TD 1 --> 2 1 --> 3 2 --> 3 2 --> 4 3 --> 4 3 --> 5 4 --> 5 5 --> 6 6 --> 4 5 --> 3 ```

6 - node element 

flowchart

```mermaid graph TD 1 --> 2 2 --> 3 3 --> 9 9 --> 12 12 --> 7 7 --> 10 10 --> 8 8 --> 2 2 --> 5 5 --> 3 3 --> 11 11 --> 6 6 --> 8 8 --> 10 10 --> 11 11 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 --> 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 ``` ```

12 - node element 

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8 4 7 3 5 6 1 2

8 - node element 

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12 15 11 14 10 16 18 7 3 4 9 13 6 17 8 5 2 1

18 - node element Integration points are indicated with an X and have the same numbers as the bottom face nodes, except that the point between nodes 17 and 18 in the 18-node gasket element is integration point number 9. # 32.6.9 AXISYMMETRIC GASKET ELEMENT LIBRARY Products: Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/CAE # References • “Gasket elements: overview,” Section 32.6.1 • “Choosing a gasket element,” Section 32.6.2 • \*GASKET SECTION # Overview This section provides a reference to the axisymmetric gasket elements available in Abaqus/Standard. # Element types # Link elements GKAX2 2-node, axisymmetric gasket element GKAX2N 2-node, axisymmetric gasket element with thickness-direction behavior only Active degrees of freedom 1 for gasket elements with thickness-direction behavior only. 1, 2 for other gasket elements. Additional solution variables # General elements GKAX4 4-node, axisymmetric gasket element GKAX4N 4-node, axisymmetric gasket element with thickness-direction behavior only GKAX6 6-node, axisymmetric gasket element GKAX6N 6-node, axisymmetric gasket element with thickness-direction behavior only Active degrees of freedom 1 for gasket elements with thickness-direction behavior only. 1, 2 for other gasket elements. Additional solution variables None. # Nodal coordinates required X,Y # Element property definition You must define the element’s initial gap and initial void. In addition, for link elements you must define the element’s width. You can specify the thickness direction as part of the gasket section definition or by specifying a normal direction at the nodes; you can specify the element thickness as part of the gasket section definition. Otherwise, Abaqus/Standard will calculate the thickness direction and the thickness. For link elements the thickness direction is the direction from the first to the second node and the thickness is the distance between the nodes. For general elements the thickness direction is based on the midsurface of the element and the thicknesses at the integration points are based on the nodal positions. See “Defining the gasket element’s initial geometry,” Section 32.6.4, for more details. Input File Usage: \*GASKET SECTION Abaqus/CAE Usage: Property module: Create Section: select Other as the section Category and Gasket as the section Type # Element-based loading None. # Element output GKAX2 elements

S11	Pressure or thickness-direction force per unit length in the gasket element.
CS11	Contact pressure in the gasket element (only available if S11 is a force per unit length and the gasket response is not defined using a material model).
S22	Hoop stress.
S12	Shear stress or shear force per unit length.
E11	Gasket closure if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
E22	Hoop strain.
E12	Shear motion if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
NE11	Effective thickness-direction strain.
NE22	Hoop strain.
NE12	Effective shear strain.

GKAX2N elements

S11	Pressure or thickness-direction force per unit length in the gasket element.
CS11	Contact pressure in the gasket element (only available if S11 is a force per unit length and the gasket response is not defined using a material model).
E11	Gasket closure if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
NE11	Effective thickness-direction strain.

General elements with thickness-direction behavior only

S11	Pressure in the gasket element.
E11	Gasket closure if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
NE11	Effective thickness-direction strain.

Other general elements

S11	Pressure in the gasket element.
S22	Direct membrane stress.
S33	Hoop stress.
S12	Shear stress.
E11	Gasket closure if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
E22	Direct membrane strain.
E33	Hoop strain.
E12	Shear motion if the gasket response is defined directly using a gasket behavior model; strain if the gasket response is defined using a material model.
NE11	Effective thickness-direction strain.
NE22	Direct membrane strain.
NE33	Direct membrane strain.
NE12	Effective shear strain.

# Link elements 

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1 × 2

2 - node element # General elements 

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3 4 1 2

4 - node element 

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4 5 6 × × × 1 2 3

6 - node element # 32.7 Surface elements • “Surface elements,” Section 32.7.1 • “General surface element library,” Section 32.7.2 • “Cylindrical surface element library,” Section 32.7.3 • “Axisymmetric surface element library,” Section 32.7.4 # 32.7.1 SURFACE ELEMENTS Products: Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/CAE Abaqus/Aqua # References • “General surface element library,” Section 32.7.2 • “Cylindrical surface element library,” Section 32.7.3 • “Axisymmetric surface element library,” Section 32.7.4 • \*SURFACE SECTION • “Creating surface sections,” Section 12.13.9 of the Abaqus/CAE User’s Guide, in the HTML version of this guide # Overview Surface elements: • are defined just like membrane elements—as surfaces in space; • have no inherent stiffness; • may have mass per unit area; • may be used to define rigid bodies; • may be used in the definition of surfaces and surface-based tie constraints; • behave just like membrane elements with zero thickness; • may be used with rebar layers; • can be embedded in solid elements; • can transmit only in-plane forces; and • have no bending stiffness or transverse shear stiffness. # Typical applications Surface elements are useful in several special modeling cases: • They are used to carry rebar layers to represent thin stiffening components in solid structures. The stiffness and mass of the rebar layers are added to the surface elements (see “Defining reinforcement,” Section 2.2.3). The reinforced surface elements can also be embedded in “host” solid elements (see “Embedded elements,” Section 35.4.1). • They are used to bring additional mass into the model in the form of a mass per unit area; for example, to spread the mass of fuel in a tank over the tank surface, particularly when the tank is modeled with solid elements. • They are used to specify a surface used in a constraint, when that surface does not have structural properties. • When used in conjunction with a surface-based tie constraint, they are used to specify distributed surface loading, such as incident wave loading, on beam elements. • In Abaqus/Explicit (when used in conjunction with a surface-based tie constraint) they can be used to specify a complex surface on beam elements for use in general contact. The stiffness of the penalty springs used to enforce contact constraints is approximately proportional to the mass of the surface nodes. Contact will not be enforced if the surface nodes have no mass. • In Abaqus/Explicit they can be used to define all or part of the boundary for a surface-based fluid cavity (for example, see “Hydrostatic fluid elements: modeling an airspring,” Section 1.1.9 of the Abaqus Example Problems Guide). • In Abaqus/Aqua analysis they can be used to visualize gravity waves. # Choosing an appropriate element In addition to the general surface elements available in both Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit, cylindrical surface elements and axisymmetric surface elements are available in Abaqus/Standard only. # General surface elements General surface elements should be used in three-dimensional models in which the deformation of the structure can evolve in three dimensions. # Cylindrical surface elements Cylindrical surface elements are available in Abaqus/Standard for precise modeling of regions in a structure with circular geometry, such as a tire. The elements make use of trigonometric functions to interpolate displacements along the circumferential direction and use regular isoparametric interpolation in the in-plane direction. They use three nodes along the circumferential direction and can span a segment between 0° and 180°. Elements with both first-order and second-order interpolation in the in-plane direction are available. The geometry of the element is defined by specifying nodal coordinates in a global Cartesian system. These elements can be used in the same mesh with regular surface elements. They can also be embedded in general solid and cylindrical elements. # Axisymmetric surface elements The axisymmetric surface elements available in Abaqus/Standard are divided into two categories: those that do not allow twist about the symmetry axis and those that do. These elements are referred to as the regular and generalized axisymmetric surface elements, respectively. The generalized axisymmetric surface elements (axisymmetric surface elements with twist) allow a circumferential component of loading, which may cause twist about the symmetry axis. The circumferential load component is independent of the circumferential coordinate . Since there is no dependence of the loading on the circumferential coordinate, the deformation is axisymmetric. The generalized axisymmetric surface elements cannot be used in dynamic or eigenfrequency extraction procedures.