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# Permanent set in rubberlike materials

Permanent set in rubberlike materials 23.7.1

# 24. Progressive Damage and Failure

# Progressive damage and failure: overview

Progressive damage and failure 24.1.1

# Damage and failure for ductile metals

Damage and failure for ductile metals: overview 24.2.1

Damage initiation for ductile metals 24.2.2

Damage evolution and element removal for ductile metals 24.2.3

# Damage and failure for fiber-reinforced composites

Damage and failure for fiber-reinforced composites: overview 24.3.1

Damage initiation for fiber-reinforced composites 24.3.2

Damage evolution and element removal for fiber-reinforced composites 24.3.3

# Damage and failure for ductile materials in low-cycle fatigue analysis

Damage and failure for ductile materials in low-cycle fatigue analysis: overview 24.4.1

Damage initiation for ductile materials in low-cycle fatigue 24.4.2

Damage evolution for ductile materials in low-cycle fatigue 24.4.3

# 25. Hydrodynamic Properties

# Overview

Hydrodynamic behavior: overview 25.1.1

# Equations of state

Equation of state 25.2.1

# 26. Other Material Properties

# Mechanical properties

Material damping 26.1.1

Thermal expansion 26.1.2

Field expansion 26.1.3

Viscosity 26.1.4

# Heat transfer properties

Thermal properties: overview 26.2.1

Conductivity 26.2.2

Specific heat 26.2.3

Latent heat 26.2.4

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# Acoustic properties

Acoustic medium 26.3.1

# Mass diffusion properties

Diffusivity 26.4.1

Solubility 26.4.2

# Electromagnetic properties

Electrical conductivity 26.5.1

Piezoelectric behavior 26.5.2

Magnetic permeability 26.5.3

# Pore fluid flow properties

Pore fluid flow properties 26.6.1

Permeability 26.6.2

Porous bulk moduli 26.6.3

Sorption 26.6.4

Swelling gel 26.6.5

Moisture swelling 26.6.6

# User materials

User-defined mechanical material behavior 26.7.1

User-defined thermal material behavior 26.7.2

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# Volume IV

# PART VI ELEMENTS

# 27. Elements: Introduction

# Introduction

Element library: overview 27.1.1

Choosing the element’s dimensionality 27.1.2

Choosing the appropriate element for an analysis type 27.1.3

Section controls 27.1.4

# 28. Continuum Elements

# General-purpose continuum elements

Solid (continuum) elements 28.1.1

One-dimensional solid (link) element library 28.1.2

Two-dimensional solid element library 28.1.3

Three-dimensional solid element library 28.1.4

Cylindrical solid element library 28.1.5

Axisymmetric solid element library 28.1.6

Axisymmetric solid elements with nonlinear, asymmetric deformation 28.1.7

# Fluid continuum elements

Fluid (continuum) elements 28.2.1

Fluid element library 28.2.2

# Infinite elements

Infinite elements 28.3.1

Infinite element library 28.3.2

# Warping elements

Warping elements 28.4.1

Warping element library 28.4.2

# 29. Structural Elements

# Membrane elements

Membrane elements 29.1.1

General membrane element library 29.1.2

Cylindrical membrane element library 29.1.3

Axisymmetric membrane element library 29.1.4

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# Truss elements

Truss elements 29.2.1

Truss element library 29.2.2

# Beam elements

Beam modeling: overview 29.3.1

Choosing a beam cross-section 29.3.2

Choosing a beam element 29.3.3

Beam element cross-section orientation 29.3.4

Beam section behavior 29.3.5

Using a beam section integrated during the analysis to define the section behavior 29.3.6

Using a general beam section to define the section behavior 29.3.7

Beam element library 29.3.8

Beam cross-section library 29.3.9

# Frame elements

Frame elements 29.4.1

Frame section behavior 29.4.2

Frame element library 29.4.3

# Elbow elements

Pipes and pipebends with deforming cross-sections: elbow elements 29.5.1

Elbow element library 29.5.2

# Shell elements

Shell elements: overview 29.6.1

Choosing a shell element 29.6.2

Defining the initial geometry of conventional shell elements 29.6.3

Shell section behavior 29.6.4

Using a shell section integrated during the analysis to define the section behavior 29.6.5

Using a general shell section to define the section behavior 29.6.6

Three-dimensional conventional shell element library 29.6.7

Continuum shell element library 29.6.8

Axisymmetric shell element library 29.6.9

Axisymmetric shell elements with nonlinear, asymmetric deformation 29.6.10

# 30. Inertial, Rigid, and Capacitance Elements

# Point mass elements

Point masses 30.1.1

Mass element library 30.1.2

# Rotary inertia elements

Rotary inertia 30.2.1

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Rotary inertia element library 30.2.2

# Rigid elements

Rigid elements 30.3.1

Rigid element library 30.3.2

# Capacitance elements

Point capacitance 30.4.1

Capacitance element library 30.4.2

# 31. Connector Elements

# Connector elements

Connectors: overview 31.1.1

Connector elements 31.1.2

Connector actuation 31.1.3

Connector element library 31.1.4

Connection-type library 31.1.5

# Connector element behavior

Connector behavior 31.2.1

Connector elastic behavior 31.2.2

Connector damping behavior 31.2.3

Connector functions for coupled behavior 31.2.4

Connector friction behavior 31.2.5

Connector plastic behavior 31.2.6

Connector damage behavior 31.2.7

Connector stops and locks 31.2.8

Connector failure behavior 31.2.9

Connector uniaxial behavior 31.2.10

# 32. Special-Purpose Elements

# Spring elements

Springs 32.1.1

Spring element library 32.1.2

# Dashpot elements

Dashpots 32.2.1

Dashpot element library 32.2.2

# Flexible joint elements

Flexible joint element 32.3.1

Flexible joint element library 32.3.2

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# Distributing coupling elements

Distributing coupling elements 32.4.1

Distributing coupling element library 32.4.2

# Cohesive elements

Cohesive elements: overview 32.5.1

Choosing a cohesive element 32.5.2

Modeling with cohesive elements 32.5.3

Defining the cohesive element’s initial geometry 32.5.4

Defining the constitutive response of cohesive elements using a continuum approach 32.5.5

Defining the constitutive response of cohesive elements using a traction-separation description 32.5.6

Defining the constitutive response of fluid within the cohesive element gap 32.5.7

Defining the constitutive response of fluid transitioning from Darcy flow to Poiseuille flow 32.5.8

Two-dimensional cohesive element library 32.5.9

Three-dimensional cohesive element library 32.5.10

Axisymmetric cohesive element library 32.5.11

# Gasket elements

Gasket elements: overview 32.6.1

Choosing a gasket element 32.6.2

Including gasket elements in a model 32.6.3

Defining the gasket element’s initial geometry 32.6.4

Defining the gasket behavior using a material model 32.6.5

Defining the gasket behavior directly using a gasket behavior model 32.6.6

Two-dimensional gasket element library 32.6.7

Three-dimensional gasket element library 32.6.8

Axisymmetric gasket element library 32.6.9

# Surface elements

Surface elements 32.7.1

General surface element library 32.7.2

Cylindrical surface element library 32.7.3

Axisymmetric surface element library 32.7.4

# Tube support elements

Tube support elements 32.8.1

Tube support element library 32.8.2

# Line spring elements

Line spring elements for modeling part-through cracks in shells 32.9.1

Line spring element library 32.9.2

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# Elastic-plastic joints

Elastic-plastic joints 32.10.1

Elastic-plastic joint element library 32.10.2

# Drag chain elements

Drag chains 32.11.1

Drag chain element library 32.11.2

# Pipe-soil elements

Pipe-soil interaction elements 32.12.1

Pipe-soil interaction element library 32.12.2

# Acoustic interface elements

Acoustic interface elements 32.13.1

Acoustic interface element library 32.13.2

# Eulerian elements

Eulerian elements 32.14.1

Eulerian element library 32.14.2

# Fluid pipe elements

Fluid pipe elements 32.15.1

Fluid pipe element library 32.15.2

# Fluid pipe connector elements

Fluid pipe connector elements 32.16.1

Fluid pipe connector element library 32.16.2

# User-defined elements

User-defined elements 32.17.1

User-defined element library 32.17.2

# 33. Particle Elements

# Discrete particle elements

Discrete particle elements 33.1.1

Discrete particle element library 33.1.2

# Continuum particle elements

Continuum particle elements 33.2.1

Continuum particle element library 33.2.2

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# PART VII ELEMENT INDEXES

EI.1 Abaqus/Standard Element Index   
EI.2 Abaqus/Explicit Element Index   
EI.3 Abaqus/CFD Element Index

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# Volume V

# PART VIII PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS

# 35. Prescribed Conditions

# Overview

Prescribed conditions: overview 35.1.1

Amplitude curves 35.1.2

# Initial conditions

Initial conditions in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit 35.2.1

Initial conditions in Abaqus/CFD 35.2.2

# Boundary conditions

Boundary conditions in Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit 35.3.1

Boundary conditions in Abaqus/CFD 35.3.2

# Loads

Applying loads: overview 35.4.1

Concentrated loads 35.4.2

Distributed loads 35.4.3

Thermal loads 35.4.4

Electromagnetic loads 35.4.5

Acoustic and shock loads 35.4.6

Pore fluid flow 35.4.7

# Prescribed assembly loads

Prescribed assembly loads 35.5.1

# Predefined fields

Predefined fields 35.6.1

# PART IX CONSTRAINTS

# 36. Constraints

# Overview

Kinematic constraints: overview 36.1.1

# Multi-point constraints

Linear constraint equations 36.2.1

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General multi-point constraints 36.2.2

Kinematic coupling constraints 36.2.3

# Surface-based constraints

Mesh tie constraints 36.3.1

Coupling constraints 36.3.2

Shell-to-solid coupling 36.3.3

Mesh-independent fasteners 36.3.4

# Embedded elements

Embedded elements 36.4.1

# Element end release

Element end release 36.5.1

# Overconstraint checks

Overconstraint checks 36.6.1

# PART X INTERACTIONS

# 37. Defining Contact Interactions

# Overview

Contact interaction analysis: overview 37.1.1

# Defining general contact in Abaqus/Standard

Defining general contact interactions in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.1

Surface properties for general contact in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.2

Contact properties for general contact in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.3

Controlling initial contact status in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.4

Stabilization for general contact in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.5

Numerical controls for general contact in Abaqus/Standard 37.2.6

# Defining contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard

Defining contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.1

Assigning surface properties for contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.2

Assigning contact properties for contact pairs in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.3

Modeling contact interference fits in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.4

Adjusting initial surface positions and specifying initial clearances in Abaqus/Standard contact pairs 37.3.5

Adjusting contact controls in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.6

Defining tied contact in Abaqus/Standard 37.3.7

Extending master surfaces and slide lines 37.3.8