김경종
17 KiB
ADAMS is a registered United States trademark of Mechanical Dynamics, Inc.
ADAMS/Flex and ADAMS/View are trademarks of Mechanical Dynamics, Inc.
CATIA is a registered trademark of Dassault Systémes.
C-MOLD is a registered trademark of Advanced CAE Technology, Inc., doing business as C-MOLD.
Compaq Alpha is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
FE-SAFE is a trademark of Safe Technology, Ltd.
Fujitsu, UXP, and VPP are registered trademarks of Fujitsu Limited.
Hewlett-Packard, HP-GL, and HP-GL/2 are registered trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Co.
Hitachi is a registered trademark of Hitachi, Ltd.
IBM RS/6000 is a trademark of IBM.
Intel is a registered trademark of the Intel Corporation.
NEC is a trademark of the NEC Corporation.
PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc.
Silicon Graphics is a registered trademark of Silicon Graphics, Inc.
SUN is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
TEX is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society.
UNIX and Motif are registered trademarks and X Window System is a trademark of The Open Group in the U.S. and other countries.
Windows NT is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation.
ABAQUS/CAE incorporates portions of the ACIS software by SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY INC. ACIS is a registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY INC.
This release of ABAQUS on Windows NT includes the diff program obtained from the Free Software Foundation. You may freely distribute the diff program and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA.
This release of ABAQUS/CAE includes lp_solve, a simplex-based code for linear and integer programming problems by Michel Berkelaar of Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Python, copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute the Python software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI or
Corporation for National Research Initiatives or CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
All other brand or product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations.
| General conversion factors (to five significant digits) | ||
| Quantity | U.S. unit | SI equivalent |
| Length | 1 in | 0.025400 m |
| 1 ft | 0.30480 m | |
| 1 mile | 1609.3 m | |
| Area | 1 in $^{2}$ | 0.64516 × 10 $^{-3}$ m $^{2}$ |
| 1 ft $^{2}$ | 0.092903 m $^{2}$ | |
| 1 acre | 4046.9 m $^{2}$ | |
| Volume | 1 in $^{3}$ | 0.016387 × 10 $^{-3}$ m $^{3}$ |
| 1 ft $^{3}$ | 0.028317 m $^{3}$ | |
| 1 US gallon | 3.7854 × 10 $^{-3}$ m $^{3}$ | |
| Conversion factors for stress analysis | ||
| Quantity | U.S. unit | SI equivalent |
| Density | 1 slug/ft3= 1 lbf s2/ft4 | 515.38 kg/m3 |
| 1 lbf s2/in4 | 10.687 × 106kg/m3 | |
| Energy | 1 ft lbf | 1.3558 J (N m) |
| Force | 1 lbf | 4.4482 N (kg m/s2) |
| Mass | 1 slug = 1 lbf s2/ft | 14.594 kg (N s2/m) |
| 1 lbf s2/in | 175.13 kg | |
| Power | 1 ft lbf/s | 1.3558 W (N m/s) |
| Pressure, Stress | 1 psi (lbf/in2) | 6894.8 Pa (N/m2) |
| Conversion factors for heat transfer analysis | ||
| Quantity | U.S. unit | SI equivalent |
| Conductivity | 1 Btu/ft hr °F | 1.7307 W/m °C |
| 1 Btu/in hr °F | 20.769 W/m °C | |
| Density | 1 lbm/in3 | 27680. kg/m3 |
| Energy | 1 Btu | 1055.1 J |
| Heat flux density | 1 Btu/in2 hr | 454.26 W/m2 |
| Power | 1 Btu/hr | 0.29307 W |
| Specific heat | 1 Btu/lbm °F | 4186.8 J/kg °C |
| Temperature | 1 °F | 5/9 °C |
| Temp °F | 9/5 × Temp °C + 32° | |
| 9/5 × Temp °K - 459.67° | ||
| Important constants | ||
| Constant | U.S. unit | SI unit |
| Absolute zero | -459.67 °F | -273.15 °C |
| Acceleration of gravity | 32.174 ft/s2 | 9.8066 m/s2 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 14.694 psi | 0.10132 × 106Pa |
| Stefan-Boltzmann constant | 0.1714 × 10-8Btu/hr ft2°R4where °R = °F + 459.67 | 5.669 × 10-8W/m2°K4where °K = °C + 273.15 |
| Approximate properties of mild steel at room temperature | ||
| Quantity | U.S. unit | SI unit |
| Conductivity | 28.9 Btu/ft hr °F | 50 W/m °C |
| 2.4 Btu/in hr °F | ||
| Density | 15.13 slug/ft3 (lbf s2/ft4) | 7800 kg/m3 |
| 0.730 × 10-3lbf s2/in4 | ||
| 0.282 lbm/in3 | ||
| Elastic modulus | 30 × 106 psi | 207 × 109 Pa |
| Specific heat | 0.11 Btu/lbm °F | 460 J/kg °C |
| Yield stress | 30 × 103 psi | 207 × 106 Pa |
| UNITED STATES | |
| Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc. | Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen (Michigan), Inc. |
| 1080 Main Street | 14500 Sheldon Road, Suite 160 |
| Pawtucket, RI 02860-4847 | Plymouth, MI 48170-2408 |
| Tel: 401 727 4200 | Tel: 734 451 0217 |
| Fax: 401 727 4208 | Fax: 734 451 0458 |
| E-mail: info@abaqus.com, support@abaqus.com | E-mail: hksmi@abaqus.com |
| http://www.abaqus.com | |
| Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen (West), Inc. | ABAQUS Solutions Northeast, LLC |
| 39221 Paseo Padre Parkway, Suite F | Summit Office Park, West Building |
| Fremont, CA 94538-1611 | 300 Centerville Road, Suite 209W |
| Tel: 510 794 5891 | Warwick, RI 02886-0201 |
| Fax: 510 794 1194 | Tel: 401 739 3637 |
| E-mail: hkswest@abaqus.com | Fax: 401 739 3302 |
| E-mail: support@abaqus-sn.com | |
| AC Engineering, Inc. | |
| 1440 Innovation Place | |
| West Lafayette, IN 47906-1000 | |
| Tel: 765 497 1373 | |
| Fax: 765 497 4444 | |
| E-mail: info@aceng.com | |
| ARGENTINA | AUSTRALIA |
| KB Engineering S. R. L. | Compumod Pty. Ltd. |
| Florida 274, Of. 37 | Level 13, 309 Pitt Street |
| (1005) Buenos Aires, Argentina | Sydney 2000 |
| Tel: +54 11 4393 8444 | P.O. Box A807 |
| Fax: +54 11 4326 2424 | Sydney South 1235 |
| E-mail: sanchezarmiento@arnet.com.ar | Tel: 02 9283 2577 |
| Fax: 02 9283 2585 | |
| E-mail: support@compumod.com.au | |
| http://www.compumod.com.au | |
| AUSTRIA | BENELUX |
| VOEST-ALPINE STAHL LINZ GmbH | ABAQUS Benelux BV |
| Department WFE | Huizermaatweg 576 |
| Postfach 3 | 1276 LN Huizen |
| A-4031 Linz | The Netherlands |
| Tel: 0732 6585 9919 | Tel: +31 35 52 58 424 |
| Fax: 0732 6980 4338 | Fax: +31 35 52 44 257 |
| E-mail: edwin.till@voest.co.at | E-mail: support@abaqus.nl |
| CHINA | CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAK |
| REPUBLIC | |
| Advanced Finite Element Services | ASATTE |
| Department of Engineering Mechanics | Technická 4, 166 07 Praha 6 |
| Tsinghua University | Czech Republic |
| Beijing 100084, P. R. China | Tel: 420 2 24352654 |
| Tel: 010 62783986 | Fax: 420 2 33322482 |
| Fax: 010 62771163E-mail: zhuangz@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn | E-mail: asatte@biomed.fsid.cvut.cz |
| FRANCEABAQUS Software, s.a.r.l.7, rue de la Patte d'Oie78000 VersaillesTel: 01 39 24 15 40Fax: 01 39 24 15 45E-mail: support@abaqus.fr | GERMANYABACOM Software GmbHTheaterstraße 30-32D-52062 AachenTel: 0241 474010Fax: 0241 4090963E-mail: abacom@abacom.de |
| ITALYHibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen Italia, s.r.l.Viale Certosa, 120149 MilanoTel: 02 39211211Fax: 02 39211210E-mail: infohks@abaqus.it | JAPANHibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen, Inc.3rd Floor, Akasaka Nihon Building5-24, Akasaka 9-chomeMinato-kuTokyo, 107-0052Tel: 03 5474 5817Fax: 03 5474 5818E-mail: hksj@hksj.co.jp |
| KOREAHibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen Korea, Inc.Suite 306, Sambo Building13-2 Yoido-Dong, Youngdeungpo-kuSeoul, 150-010Tel: 02 785 6707/8Fax: 02 785 6709E-mail: hotline@abaqus.co.kr | MALAYSIACompumod Sdn Bhd#33.03 Menara Lion165 Jalan Ampang50450 Kuala LumpurTel: 3 466 2122Fax: 3 466 2123E-mail: hotline@compumod.com.my |
| NEW ZEALANDMatrix Applied Computing Ltd.P.O. Box 56-316, AucklandCourier: Unit 2-5, 72 Dominion Road,Mt Eden,AucklandTel: +64 9 623 1223Fax: +64 9 623 1134E-mail: hks-support@matrix.co.nz | POLANDBudSoft Sp. z o.o.61-807 PoznaSw. Marcin 58/64Tel: 61 852 31 19Fax: 61 852 31 19E-mail: budsoft@man.poznan.pl |
| SINGAPORECompumod (Singapore) Pte Ltd#17-05 Asia Chambers20 McCallum StreetSingapore 069046Tel: 223 2996Fax: 226 0336E-mail:compumod@mbox2.singnet.com.sg | SOUTH AFRICAFinite Element Analysis Services (Pty) Ltd.Suite 20-303C, The WaverleyWyecroft RoadMowbray 7700Tel: 021 448 7608Fax: 021 448 7679E-mail: abaqus@feas.co.za |
| SPAINPrincipia Ingenieros Consultores, S.A.Velázquez, 9428006 Madrid | SWEDENFEM-Tech ABPilgatan 8SE-721 30 Västerås |
| Tel: 91 209 1482 | Tel: 021 12 64 10 |
| Fax: 91 575 1026 | Fax: 021 18 12 44 |
| E-mail: abaqus@principia.es | E-mail: femtech@femtech.se |
| TAIWAN | UNITED KINGDOM |
| APIC | Hibbitt, Karlsson & Sorensen (UK) Ltd. |
| 7th Fl., 131 Sung Chiang Road | The Genesis Centre |
| Taipei, 10428 | Science Park South, Birchwood |
| Tel: 02 25083066 | Warrington, Cheshire WA3 7BH |
| Fax: 02 25077185 | Tel: 01925 810166 |
| E-mail: cae@apic.com.tw | Fax: 01925 810178 |
| E-mail: hotline@hks.co.uk |
This section lists various resources that are available for help with using ABAQUS, including technical and systems support, training seminars, and documentation.
Support
HKS offers both technical (engineering) support and systems support for ABAQUS. Technical and systems support are provided through the nearest local support office. You can contact our offices by telephone, fax, electronic mail, or regular mail. Information on how to contact each office is listed in the front of each ABAQUS manual. Support information is also available by visiting the ABAQUS Home Page on the World Wide Web (details are given below). When contacting your local support office, please specify whether you would like technical support (you have encountered problems performing an ABAQUS analysis) or systems support (ABAQUS will not install correctly, licensing does not work correctly, or other hardware-related issues have arisen).
We welcome any suggestions for improvements to the support program or documentation. We will ensure that any enhancement requests you make are considered for future releases. If you wish to file a complaint about the service or products provided by HKS, refer to the ABAQUS Home Page.
Technical support
HKS technical support engineers can assist in clarifying ABAQUS features and checking errors by giving both general information on using ABAQUS and information on its application to specific analyses. If you have concerns about an analysis, we suggest that you contact us at an early stage, since it is usually easier to solve problems at the beginning of a project rather than trying to correct an analysis at the end.
Please have the following information ready before calling the technical support hotline, and include it in any written contacts:
- The version of ABAQUS that are you using.
The version numbers for ABAQUS/Standard and ABAQUS/Explicit are given at the top of the data (.dat) file.
The version numbers for ABAQUS/CAE and ABAQUS/Viewer can be found by selecting Help->On version from the main menu bar.
The version number for ABAQUS/CAT is given at the top of the input (.inp) file as well as the data file.
The version numbers for ABAQUS/ADAMS and ABAQUS/C-MOLD are output to the screen.
The version number for ABAQUS/Safe is given under the ABAQUS logo in the main window.
- The type of computer on which you are running ABAQUS.
- The symptoms of any problems, including the exact error messages, if any.
- Workarounds or tests that you have already tried.
When calling for support about a specific problem, any available ABAQUS output files may be helpful in answering questions that the support engineer may ask you.
The support engineer will try to diagnose your problem from the model description and a description of the difficulties you are having. Frequently, the support engineer will need model sketches, which can be faxed to HKS or sent in the mail. Plots of the final results or the results near the point that the analysis terminated may also be needed to understand what may have caused the problem.
If the support engineer cannot diagnose your problem from this information, you may be asked to send the input data. The data can be sent by means of e-mail, tape, or disk. Please check the ABAQUS Home Page at www.abaqus.com for the media formats that are currently accepted.
All support calls are logged into a database, which enables us to monitor the progress of a particular problem and to check that we are resolving support issues efficiently. If you would like to know the log number of your particular call for future reference, please ask the support engineer. If you are calling to discuss an existing support problem and you know the log number, please mention it so that we can consult the database to see what the latest action has been and, thus, avoid duplication of effort. In addition, please give the receptionist the support engineer's name (or include it at the top of any e-mail correspondence).
Systems support
HKS systems support engineers can help you resolve issues related to the installation and running of ABAQUS, including licensing difficulties, that are not covered by technical support.
You should install ABAQUS by carefully following the instructions in the ABAQUS Site Guide. If you encounter problems with the installation or licensing, first review the instructions in the ABAQUS Site Guide to ensure that they have been followed correctly. If this does not resolve the problems, look on the ABAQUS Home Page under Technical Support for information about known installation problems. If this does not address your situation, please contact your local support office. Send whatever information is available to define the problem: error messages from an aborted analysis or a detailed explanation of the problems encountered. Whenever possible, please send the output from the abaqus info=env and abaqus info=sys commands.
ABAQUS Web server
For users connected to the Internet, many questions can be answered by visiting the ABAQUS Home Page on the World Wide Web at
The information available on the ABAQUS Home Page includes:
- Frequently asked questions
- ABAQUS systems information and machine requirements