김경종
168 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
168 lines
18 KiB
Markdown
<!-- source-page: 831 -->
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CONVERSION FACTORS U.S. Customary Units to SI Units
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<table><tr><td>Quantity Converted from U.S. Customary</td><td>To</td><td>SI Equivalent</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Acceleration)</td></tr><tr><td>1 foot/second $^{2}$ (ft/s $^{2}$ )</td><td>meter/second $^{2}$ (m/s $^{2}$ )</td><td>0.3048 m/s $^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td>1 inch/second $^{2}$ (in./s $^{2}$ )</td><td>meter/second $^{2}$ (m/s $^{2}$ )</td><td>0.0254 m/s $^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Area)</td></tr><tr><td>1 foot $^{2}$ (ft $^{2}$ )</td><td>meter $^{2}$ (m $^{2}$ )</td><td>0.0929 m $^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td>1 inch $^{2}$ (in. $^{2}$ )</td><td>meter $^{2}$ (m $^{2}$ )</td><td>645.2 mm $^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Density, mass)</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound mass/inch $^{3}$ (lbm/in. $^{3}$ )</td><td>kilogram/meter $^{3}$ (kg/m $^{3}$ )</td><td>27.68 Mg/m $^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td>1 pound mass/foot $^{3}$ (lbm/ft $^{3}$ )</td><td>kilogram/meter $^{3}$ (kg/m $^{3}$ )</td><td>16.02 kg/m $^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Energy, Work)</td></tr><tr><td>1 British thermal unit (BTU)</td><td>Joule (J)</td><td>1055 J</td></tr><tr><td>1 foot-pound force (ft-lb)</td><td>Joule (J)</td><td>1.356 J</td></tr><tr><td>1 kilowatt-hour</td><td>Joule (J)</td><td>3.60 × 10 $^{6}$ J</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Force)</td></tr><tr><td>1 kip (1000 lb)</td><td>Newton (N)</td><td>4.448 kN</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound force (lb)</td><td>Newton (N)</td><td>4.448 N</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Length)</td></tr><tr><td>1 foot (ft)</td><td>meter (m)</td><td>0.3048 m</td></tr><tr><td>1 inch (in.)</td><td>meter (m)</td><td>25.4 mm</td></tr><tr><td>1 mile (mi), (U.S. statute)</td><td>meter (m)</td><td>1.609 km</td></tr><tr><td>1 mile (mi), (international nautical)</td><td>meter (m)</td><td>1.852 km</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Mass)</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound mass (lbm)</td><td>kilogram (kg)</td><td>0.4536 kg</td></tr><tr><td>1 slug (lb-sec $^{2}$ /ft)</td><td>kilogram (kg)</td><td>14.59 kg</td></tr><tr><td>1 metric ton (2000 lbm)</td><td>kilogram (kg)</td><td>907.2 kg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Moment of force)</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound-foot (lb·ft)</td><td>Newton-meter (N·m)</td><td>1.356 N·m</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound-inch (lb·in.)</td><td>Newton-meter (N·m)</td><td>0.1130 N·m</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Moment of inertia of an area)</td></tr><tr><td>1 inch $^{4}$ </td><td>meter $^{4}$ (m $^{4}$ )</td><td>0.4162 × 10 $^{-6}$ m $^{4}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Moment of inertia of a mass)</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound-foot-second $^{2}$ (lb·ft·s $^{2}$ )</td><td>kilogram-meter $^{2}$ (kg·m $^{2}$ )</td><td>1.356 kg·m $^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Momentum, linear)</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound-second (lb·s)</td><td>kilogram-meter/second (kg·m/s)</td><td>4.448 N·s</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">(Momentum, angular)</td></tr><tr><td>pound-foot-second (lb·ft·s)</td><td>Newton-meter-second (N·m·s)</td><td>1.356 N·m·s</td></tr></table>
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CONVERSION FACTORS U.S. Customary Units to SI Units (Continued )
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<table><tr><td>Quantity Converted from U.S. Customary</td><td>To</td><td>SI Equivalent</td></tr><tr><td>(Power)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 foot-pound/second (ft·lb/s)</td><td>Watt (W)</td><td>1.356 W</td></tr><tr><td>1 horsepower (550 ft·lb/s)</td><td>Watt (W)</td><td>745.7 W</td></tr><tr><td>(Pressure, stress)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 atmosphere (std)(14.7.lb/in.2)</td><td>Newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa)</td><td>101.3 kPa</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound/foot2 (lb/ft2)</td><td>Newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa)</td><td>47.88 Pa</td></tr><tr><td>1 pound/inch2 (lb/in.2 or psi)</td><td>Newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa)</td><td>6.895 kPa</td></tr><tr><td>1 kip/inch2 (ksi)</td><td>Newton/meter2 (N/m2 or Pa)</td><td>6.895 MPa</td></tr><tr><td>(Spring constant)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 pound/inch (lb/in.)</td><td>Newton/meter (N/m)</td><td>175.1 N/m</td></tr><tr><td>(Temperature)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T(°F) = 1.8T(°C) + 32</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(Velocity)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 foot/second (ft/s)</td><td>meter/second (m/s)</td><td>0.3048 m/s</td></tr><tr><td>1 knot (nautical mi/h)</td><td>meter/second (m/s)</td><td>0.5144 m/s</td></tr><tr><td>1 mile/hour (mi/h)</td><td>meter/second (m/s)</td><td>0.4470 m/s</td></tr><tr><td>1 mile/hour (mi/h)</td><td>kilometer/hour (km/h)</td><td>1.609 km/h</td></tr><tr><td>(Volume)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 foot3 (ft3)</td><td>meter3 (m3)</td><td>0.02832 m3</td></tr><tr><td>1 inch3 (in.3)</td><td>meter3 (m3)</td><td>16.39 × 10-6m3</td></tr></table>
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<!-- source-page: 833 -->
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<table><tr><td colspan="2">Rectangle</td><td colspan="2">Triangle</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><img src="images/e836c3996dfc212e7e3a8312ebbec0f96c01639fc333c82be6f71ab044e3d3c5.jpg"/></td><td>A=bh</td><td>[A=1/2bh]</td><td>[A=1/2bh]</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=bh3/12</td><td><img src="images/3be2e9c3f415cec6bd1650b1d052a1a9a971bac857e79d7ce8a2807ca86cc743.jpg"/></td><td>Ix=bh3/36</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=bh3/3</td><td></td><td>Ix=bh3/12</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Circle</td><td colspan="2">Semicircle</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><img src="images/c143807f63be7930b82a5bef9c08fd2ac711862f4f595c595e5e8780eba3d348.jpg"/></td><td>A=πr2</td><td>[A=πr2/2]</td><td>[A=πr2/2]</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=πr4/4</td><td></td><td>Ix=0.035πr4</td></tr><tr><td>Jc=πr4/2</td><td><img src="images/0abd4bd016df435608d3843bfa9e5b8af958f11780bea26b8c89fc60493f3864.jpg"/></td><td>Jo=πr4/4</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=5πr4/4</td><td></td><td>Iy=Ix=πr4/8</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Thin Ring</td><td colspan="2">Half of Thin Ring</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><img src="images/2cdaaf518104bfe551c829820c92166273182e6bee83e461c4b0199f95f2ffb8.jpg"/></td><td>A=2πrave t</td><td>[A=πrt]</td><td>[A=πrt]</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=πrave3t</td><td><img src="images/76e51e5bdc6b17d9c7dc96b0db1e5d642d487737ef468ba1141770b2191b52dc.jpg"/></td><td>Ix≈0.095πr3t</td></tr><tr><td>Jc=2πrave3t</td><td></td><td>Iy=0.5πr3t</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Quarter Ellipse</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Ellipse</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><img src="images/b1575baf29dec390bcb91f86953329c575defeb6316697d03da91e11b777466c.jpg"/></td><td>A=πab</td><td>[A=πab/4]</td><td>[A=πab/4]</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=πab3/4</td><td><img src="images/277deb7073e4852b9ed1c237c91ac0603e062d39e2efa967032908cf8bca3c8d.jpg"/></td><td>Ix=0.0175πab3</td></tr><tr><td>Jc=πab(a2+b2)/4</td><td></td><td>Ix=πab3/16</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>Iy=πa3b/16</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Quadrant of Parabola</td><td colspan="2">Parabolic Spandrel</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><img src="images/4335dd7e860f35f6aa292f8ee347c0f24af9e3fb65bcc5f1dcde0276d672d441.jpg"/></td><td>A=2/3bh</td><td>[A=bh/3]</td><td>[A=bh/3]</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=0.04bh3</td><td></td><td>Ix=0.0176bh3</td></tr><tr><td>Ix=2bh3/15</td><td><img src="images/6d07cd80582d916bf91c8c477734fd07b357d409c2eb3e2514555db6d6b17ed0.jpg"/></td><td>Ix=bh3/21</td></tr><tr><td>Iy=2hb3/7</td><td></td><td>Iy=hb3/5</td></tr></table>
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<!-- source-page: 834 -->
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# 1. Slender Rod
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<details>
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<summary>text_image</summary>
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L
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</details>
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$$
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m = \frac {\pi d ^ {2} L \rho}{4}
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$$
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$$
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I _ {y} = I _ {z} = \frac {m L ^ {2}}{1 2}
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$$
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# 2. Thin Disk
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<details>
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<summary>text_image</summary>
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</details>
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$$
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m = \frac {\pi d ^ {2} t \rho}{4}
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$$
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$$
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I _ {x} = \frac {m d ^ {2}}{8}
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$$
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$$
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I _ {y} = I _ {z} = \frac {m d ^ {2}}{1 6}
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$$
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# 3. Rectangular Prism
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<details>
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<summary>text_image</summary>
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y
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b
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</details>
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$$
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m = a b c \rho
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$$
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$$
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I _ {x} = \frac {m}{1 2} (a ^ {2} + b ^ {2})
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$$
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$$
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I _ {y} = \frac {m}{1 2} \left(a ^ {2} + c ^ {2}\right)
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$$
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$$
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I _ {z} = \frac {m}{1 2} (b ^ {2} + c ^ {2})
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$$
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# 4. Circular Cylinder
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<details>
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<summary>text_image</summary>
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y
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L
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z
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</details>
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$$
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m = \frac {\pi d ^ {2} L \rho}{4}
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$$
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$$
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I _ {x} = \frac {m d ^ {2}}{8}
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$$
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$$
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I _ {y} = I _ {z} = \frac {m}{4 8} (3 d ^ {2} + 4 L ^ {2})
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$$
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# 5. Hollow Cylinder
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<details>
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<summary>text_image</summary>
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y
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di
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do
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</details>
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$$
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m = \frac {\pi L \rho}{4} (d _ {o} ^ {2} - d _ {i} ^ {2})
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$$
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$$
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I _ {x} = \frac {m}{8} (d _ {o} ^ {2} + d _ {i} ^ {2})
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$$
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$$
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I _ {y} = I _ {z} = \frac {m}{4 8} \left(3 d _ {o} ^ {2} + 3 d _ {i} ^ {2} + 4 L ^ {2}\right)
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$$
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<!-- source-page: 835 -->
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES IN SI AND USCS UNITS
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<table><tr><td>Property</td><td>Sl</td><td>USCS</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Water (fresh)</td></tr><tr><td>specific weight</td><td> $9.81 \text{ kN/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $62.4 \text{ lb/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td>mass density</td><td> $1000 \text{ kg/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $1.94 \text{ slugs/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Aluminum</td></tr><tr><td>specific weight</td><td> $26.6 \text{ kN/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $169/\text{lb/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td>mass density</td><td> $2710 \text{ kg/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $5.26 \text{ slugs/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Steel</td></tr><tr><td>specific weight</td><td> $77.0 \text{ kN/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $490 \text{ lb/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td>mass density</td><td> $7850 \text{ kg/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $15.2 \text{ slugs/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Reinforced concrete</td></tr><tr><td>specific weight</td><td> $23.6 \text{ kN/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $150 \text{ lb/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td>mass density</td><td> $2400 \text{ kg/m}^{3}$ </td><td> $4.66 \text{ slugs/ft}^{3}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Acceleration of gravity(on the earth’s surface)</td></tr><tr><td>Recommended value</td><td> $9.81 \text{ m/s}^{2}$ </td><td> $32.2 \text{ ft/s}^{2}$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Atmospheric pressure(at sea level)</td></tr><tr><td>Recommended value</td><td> $101 \text{ kPa}$ </td><td> $14.7 \text{ psi}$ </td></tr></table>
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TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
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<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Material</td><td colspan="2">Ultimate Strength $\sigma_u$ </td><td colspan="2">0.2% Yield Strength $\sigma_y$ </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Modulus of Elasticity E(106 psi GPa)</td><td rowspan="2">Sheer Modulus G(106 psi)</td><td colspan="2">Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, $\alpha$ </td><td colspan="2">Density, $\rho$ </td></tr><tr><td>ksi</td><td>MPa</td><td>ksi</td><td>MPa</td><td>10-6/°F</td><td>10-6/°C</td><td>lb/in. $^3$ </td><td>kg/m $^3$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Aluminum</td></tr><tr><td>Alloy 1100-H14(99 % A1)</td><td>14</td><td>110(T)</td><td>14</td><td>95</td><td>10.1</td><td>70</td><td>3.7</td><td>13.1</td><td>23.6</td><td>0.098</td><td>2710</td></tr><tr><td>Alloy 2024-T3(sheet and plate)</td><td>70</td><td>480(T)</td><td>50</td><td>340</td><td>10.6</td><td>73</td><td>4.0</td><td>12.6</td><td>22.7</td><td>0.100</td><td>2763</td></tr><tr><td>Alloy 6061-T6(extruded)</td><td>42</td><td>260(T)</td><td>37</td><td>255</td><td>10.0</td><td>69</td><td>3.7</td><td>13.1</td><td>23.6</td><td>0.098</td><td>2710</td></tr><tr><td>Alloy 7075-T6(sheet and plate)</td><td>80</td><td>550(T)</td><td>70</td><td>480</td><td>10.4</td><td>72</td><td>3.9</td><td>12.9</td><td>23.2</td><td>0.101</td><td>2795</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Yellow brass (65% Cu, 35% Zn)</td></tr><tr><td>Cold-rolled</td><td>78</td><td>540(T)</td><td>63</td><td>435</td><td>15</td><td>105</td><td>5.6</td><td>11.3</td><td>20.0</td><td>0.306</td><td>8470</td></tr><tr><td>Annealed</td><td>48</td><td>330(T)</td><td>15</td><td>105</td><td>15</td><td>105</td><td>5.6</td><td>11.3</td><td>20.0</td><td>0.306</td><td>8470</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Phosphor bronze</td></tr><tr><td>Cold-rolled (510)</td><td>81</td><td>560(T)</td><td>75</td><td>520</td><td>15.9</td><td>110</td><td>5.9</td><td>9.9</td><td>17.8</td><td>0.320</td><td>8860</td></tr><tr><td>Spring-tempered(524)</td><td>122</td><td>840(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>16</td><td>110</td><td>5.9</td><td>10.2</td><td>18.4</td><td>0.317</td><td>8780</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Cast iron</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Gray, 4.5%C, ASTM A-48</td><td>25</td><td>170(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>10</td><td>70</td><td>4.1</td><td>6.7</td><td>12.1</td><td>0.260</td><td>7200</td></tr><tr><td>95</td><td>650(C)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Malleable, ASTM A-47</td><td>50</td><td>340(T)</td><td>33</td><td>230</td><td>24</td><td>165</td><td>9.3</td><td>6.7</td><td>12.1</td><td>0.264</td><td>7300</td></tr><tr><td>90</td><td>620(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>
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<!-- source-page: 836 -->
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TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ENGINEERING MATERIALS (Continued )
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<table><tr><td rowspan="2">Material</td><td colspan="2">Ultimate Strength $\sigma_u$ </td><td colspan="2">0.2% Yield Strength $\sigma_y$ </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Modulus of Elasticity E( $10^6$ psi GPa)</td><td rowspan="2">Sheer Modulus G( $10^6$ psi)</td><td colspan="2">Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, $\alpha$ </td><td colspan="2">Density, $\rho$ </td></tr><tr><td>ksi</td><td>MPa</td><td>ksi</td><td>MPa</td><td> $10^{-6}/^{\circ}\text{F}$ </td><td> $10^{-6}/^{\circ}\text{C}$ </td><td> $\text{lb/in.}^3$ </td><td> $\text{kg/m}^3$ </td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Copper and its alloys</td></tr><tr><td>CDA 145 copper, hard</td><td>48</td><td>331(T)</td><td>44</td><td>303</td><td>16</td><td>110</td><td>6.1</td><td>9.9</td><td>17.8</td><td>0.323</td><td>8940</td></tr><tr><td>CDA 172 beryllium copper, hard</td><td>175</td><td>1210(T)</td><td>240</td><td>965</td><td>19</td><td>131</td><td>7.1</td><td>9.4</td><td>17.0</td><td>0.298</td><td>8250</td></tr><tr><td>CDA 220 bronze, hard</td><td>61</td><td>421(T)</td><td>54</td><td>372</td><td>17</td><td>117</td><td>6.4</td><td>10.2</td><td>18.4</td><td>0.318</td><td>8800</td></tr><tr><td>CDA 260 brass, hard</td><td>76</td><td>524(T)</td><td>63</td><td>434</td><td>16</td><td>110</td><td>6.1</td><td>11.1</td><td>20.0</td><td>0.308</td><td>8530</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium alloy (8.5% A1)</td><td>55</td><td>380(T)</td><td>40</td><td>275</td><td>4.5</td><td>45</td><td>2.4</td><td>14.5</td><td>26.0</td><td>0.065</td><td>1800</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Monel alloy 400 (Ni-Cu)</td></tr><tr><td>Cold-worked</td><td>98</td><td>675(T)</td><td>85</td><td>580</td><td>26</td><td>180</td><td>—</td><td>7.7</td><td>13.9</td><td>0.319</td><td>8830</td></tr><tr><td>Annealed</td><td>80</td><td>550(T)</td><td>32</td><td>220</td><td>26</td><td>180</td><td>—</td><td>7.7</td><td>13.9</td><td>0.319</td><td>8830</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Steel</td></tr><tr><td>Structural (ASTM-A36)</td><td>58</td><td>400(T)</td><td>36</td><td>250</td><td>29</td><td>200</td><td>11.5</td><td>6.5</td><td>11.7</td><td>0.284</td><td>7860</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">High-strength low-alloy</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM-A242</td><td>70</td><td>480(T)</td><td>50</td><td>345</td><td>29</td><td>200</td><td>11.5</td><td>6.5</td><td>11.7</td><td>0.284</td><td>7860</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Quenched and tempered alloy</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM-A514</td><td>120</td><td>825(T)</td><td>100</td><td>690</td><td>29</td><td>200</td><td>11.5</td><td>6.5</td><td>11.7</td><td>0.284</td><td>7860</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Stainless, (302)</td></tr><tr><td>Cold-rolled</td><td>125</td><td>860(T)</td><td>75</td><td>520</td><td>28</td><td>190</td><td>10.6</td><td>9.6</td><td>17.3</td><td>0.286</td><td>7920</td></tr><tr><td>Annealed</td><td>90</td><td>620(T)</td><td>40</td><td>275</td><td>28</td><td>190</td><td>10.6</td><td>9.6</td><td>17.3</td><td>0.286</td><td>7920</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium alloy (6% A1, 4% V)</td><td>130</td><td>900(T)</td><td>120</td><td>825</td><td>16.5</td><td>114</td><td>6.2</td><td>5.3</td><td>9.5</td><td>0.161</td><td>4460</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Concrete</td></tr><tr><td>Medium strength</td><td>4.0</td><td>28(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>3.5</td><td>25</td><td>—</td><td>5.5</td><td>10.0</td><td>0.084</td><td>2320</td></tr><tr><td>High strength</td><td>6.0</td><td>40(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>4.5</td><td>30</td><td>—</td><td>5.5</td><td>10.0</td><td>0.084</td><td>2320</td></tr><tr><td>Granite</td><td>35</td><td>240(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>10</td><td>69</td><td>—</td><td>4.0</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.100</td><td>2770</td></tr><tr><td>Glass, 98% silica</td><td>7</td><td>50(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>10</td><td>69</td><td>—</td><td>44.0</td><td>80.0</td><td>0.079</td><td>2190</td></tr><tr><td>Melamine</td><td>6</td><td>41(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>2.0</td><td>13.4</td><td>—</td><td>17.0</td><td>30.0</td><td>0.042</td><td>1162</td></tr><tr><td>Nylon, molded</td><td>8</td><td>55(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0.3</td><td>2</td><td>—</td><td>45.0</td><td>81.0</td><td>0.040</td><td>1100</td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene</td><td>7</td><td>48(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>0.45</td><td>3</td><td>—</td><td>40.0</td><td>72.0</td><td>0.038</td><td>1050</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Rubbers</td></tr><tr><td>Natural</td><td>2</td><td>14(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>90.0</td><td>162.0</td><td>0.033</td><td>910</td></tr><tr><td>Neoprene</td><td>3.5</td><td>24(T)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.045</td><td>1250</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Timber, air dry, parallel to grain</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Douglas fir, construction</td></tr><tr><td>grade</td><td>7.2</td><td>50(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1.5</td><td>10.5</td><td>—</td><td>varies</td><td>varies</td><td>0.019</td><td>525</td></tr><tr><td>Eastern spruce</td><td>5.4</td><td>37(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1.3</td><td>9</td><td>—</td><td>1.7-</td><td>3-</td><td>0.016</td><td>440</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12">Southern pine,construction</td></tr><tr><td>grade</td><td>7.3</td><td>50(C)</td><td>—</td><td>—</td><td>1.2</td><td>8.3</td><td>—</td><td>3.0</td><td>5.4</td><td>0.022</td><td>610</td></tr></table>
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The values given in the table are average mechanical properties. Further verification may be necessary for final design or analysis. For ductile materials, the compressive strength is normally assumed to equal the tensile strength. Abbreviations: C, compressive strength; T, tensile strength. For an explanation of the numbers associated with the aluminums, cast irons, and steels, see ASM Metals Reference Book, latest ed., American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio 44073
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